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Smooth eye movement is vital to our ability to scan and read from one direction to another e.g. left to right. Thus, a person who has weak eye movement may have problems with reading, copying information from the blackboard etc.


The proprioceptive system provides us with information of our joint positions at all times. A person with poor proprioception may hold a pencil tensely to gain more feedback to better control his/her handwriting. Other characteristics include breaking objects that require fine finger manipulation, frequent falls and bumps etc.


The vestibular system located in our inner ear receives information about movement and body position in space. It helps to provide joint stability, postural control and balance, spatial awareness, a stable visual and attentional system. A person or a child may show signs such as excessive walking or running in circles, jumping from high places, difficulty walking on steps or over thresholds, or tendency to drag toes when stepping forward when the vestibular system is not functioning well.


A person with tactile processing dysfunction may also show fidgety behaviours as they are constantly moving to gain more tactile information for their bodies. Someone with tactile processing difficulty often dislike hair washing, cutting and bathing.

Fundamental Sensory-Motor Skills:


Learning Skill Important For If not developed, may exhibit
  • Vestibular
  • Balance
  • Behaviour organisation
  • Stable eye movements
  • Posture
  • Poor balance
  • Clumsiness
  • Hyper Activity
  • Excessively passive
  • Skips words/lines during reading
  • Ocular Control
  • Visual scanning
  • Left to right eye movement for reading
  • Quick visual fixing and unfixing
  • Eye-hand coordination
  • Disorganised reading/writing
  • Slow/Careless when copying from the board
  • Poor eye-hand coordination
  • Poor ball skills
  • Tactile - Protective
  • Learning of safety
  • Behavioural organisation
  • Fidgety behaviours
  • Hyperactive
  • Disorganised
  • Dislikes clothes labels/cutting hair/washing face/ wearing socks & shoes
  • Tactile - Discriminative
  • Learning of concepts
  • Difficulty learning certain concepts, e.g. smooth and rough textures
  • Proprioception
  • Good pencil grasp
  • Handwriting control
  • Body posture
  • Inefficient pencil grasp (eg. gripping pencil too tensely)
  • Untidy handwriting
  • Slouches at desk
  • Clings onto legs of chair